© 1995 Faculty of Public Health Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom
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Press coverage of the Cleveland child sexual abuse enquiry: a source of public enlightenment?
Liam J. Donaldson, Regional General Manager and Director of Public Health, and Professor of Applied Epidemiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Sarah O'Brien, Senior Lecturer in the Epidemiology of Infection
Northern & Yorkshire Regional Health Authority Benfield Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE6 4PY
University of Birmingham, Communicable Disease Unit 45 Bordesley Green, Birmingham B9 5ST
Address correspondence to Professor L. J. Donaldson
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess national and local newspaper reporting of events considered by a Public Enquiry which investigated a major crisis involving child protection services. The Judicial Enquiry, held in Cleveland, North East England, examined the actions of statutory bodies and the professionals working within them following the diagnosis of suspected sexual abuse in 121 children.
METHODS: This is a descriptive study using analysis of legal transcripts and newspaper reports. The data involved a total of 216 360 lines of transcript evidence given by 111 witnesses and lawyers representing them at the Judicial Enquiry which lasted 74 days; together with 344 899 words in reports covering 17 newspapers (seven local and ten national). The main outcome measures were based on the volume and type of newspaper coverage including that for each witness and lawyer's evidence. A coverage index related the amount of newspaper reporting to the extent of evidence given.
RESULTS: The highest coverage of any single day of the Enquiry in both local and national newspapers occurred when Dr Marietta Higgs (one of the two principal paediatricians involved) made her first appearance. However,the highest interest (coverage index) was shown in evidence given by lawyers for the parents and the least in evidence given by public bodies. The evidence of witnesses was used very selectively by the press in emotive headlines to imply blame or support for the main protagonists or their actions. This sustained several lines of reporting: criticism of the doctors and social workers, inter-professional conflicts, damage and wrong-doing to the families and the search for someone to blame.
CONCLUSIONS: The Cleveland crisis occupied newspaper headlines in the United Kingdom for more than a year. Much of the newspaper coverage took an adversarial approach which sought to apportion blame and take sides. The press appeared to report negative issues which were newsworthy and did not give a balanced view. Broader policy issues, which formed an important part of the Enquiry report's influence on subsequent child protection legislation, were largely ignored.
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