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Journal of Public Health Advance Access originally published online on October 25, 2006
Journal of Public Health 2006 28(4):379-383; doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdl061
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© The Author 2006, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved.

Removing the health domain from the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004—effect on measured inequalities in census measure of health



J. Adams, MRC Special Training Fellow in Health Services and Health of the Public Research

M. White, Professor of Public Health
Institute of Health and Society, William Leech Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK

Address correspondence to J. Adams, E-mail: j.m.adams{at}ncl.ac.uk

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2004 is a summary measure of area-level deprivation in England that combines weighted scores in seven deprivation domains. IMD 2004 is used extensively by local public health departments and researchers to describe and monitor socioeconomic inequalities in health. However, the inclusion of a health domain in IMD 2004 leads to the possibility of ‘mathematical coupling’ where a relationship between IMD 2004 and markers of health is predicated by the inclusion of health in IMD 2004—effectively placing measures of health on both sides of the correlation equation. We explored the effect of removing the health domain from IMD 2004 on assignment of small areas to deprivation groups and measured inequalities in health. There was excellent agreement between the deprivation quintiles that small areas were assigned to by IMD 2004 and IMD 2004-minus-health ({kappa} = 0.895). Removing the health domain had little, practical, effect on measured socioeconomic inequalities in census measures of health. These findings may not hold for other measures of health, and in the context of socioeconomic inequalities in health, removing the health domain from IMD 2004 probably represents best practice.

Keywords: census, IMD 2004, socioeconomic factors


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