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Journal of Public Health Advance Access published online on June 30, 2009
Journal of Public Health, doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdp062
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© The Author 2009, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved

Tobacco use and bladder cancer patterns in three western European countries


Mieke J.J. Van Hemelrijck, Research Assistant1,2
Dominique S. Michaud, Reader in Cancer Epidemiology3,4
Gregory N. Connolly, Professor of the Practice of Public Health1
Zubair Kabir, Senior Researcher1,5

1 Harvard School of Public Health, Division of Public Health Practice, Boston, MA, USA
2 King's College London, School of Medicine, Division of Cancer Studies, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Research Oncology, 3rd Floor, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
3 Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK
4 Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
5 Research Institute for a Tobacco Free Society, Dublin, Ireland


Address correspondence to Mieke Van Hemelrijck, E-mail: mieke.vanhemelrijck{at}kcl.ac.uk


  Abstract

Background Smoking accounts for >50% of bladder cancers (BCs) in men and 30% in women. Our aim is to explore this large discrepancy by contrasting countries with distinct smoking patterns and habits as these might explain sex differences for BC.

Methods Temporal patterns in BC incidence rates, lung cancer (LC) death rates, smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption across time by sex were analyzed by calculating annual percent changes (APCs), using joinpoint regression, for Spain (1973–97), Sweden (1958–97) and the UK (1960–97).

Results APCs for overall BC incidence rates were increasing for both sexes, ranging from 1.43% (1.25; 1.60) (British men) to 3.79% (3.15; 4.44) (Spanish men). APCs for overall LC death rates were also increasing in Sweden and Spain, but the UK showed decreasing APCs for LC death rates in men: –0.48% (–0.86; 0.10). Spain showed decreasing APCs for smoking prevalence among men and increasing APCs among women, –1.65% (–1.79; –1.51) and 2.48% (1.97; 3.00), respectively, but no differences by sex were found for the UK and Sweden.

Conclusions Findings indirectly reflected lag-time of minimum 30 years between smoking and onset of BC. The lack of sex differences for APCs of BC across these countries suggests potential contributions of changes in other population exposure levels.

Keywords: bladder cancer incidence, Europe, joinpoint analysis, secondhand smoking, tobacco


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