The 1999 and 2004 Health Survey for England included 996 Bangladeshi women aged 16 years and above, 302 with a valid saliva sample and 694 without. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of under-reported tobacco use.

Fifteen per cent of Bangladeshi women with a saliva sample under-reported their personal tobacco use. Under-reporters were very similar to self-reported users except for being much more likely to report chewing paan without tobacco (47% versus 9%, P < 0.001). Under-reporters differed significantly from cotinine-validated non-users in most respects. Regression analyses confirmed that under-reporters and self-reported users were similar in age, education level and exposure to passive smoking. Under-reporters were older and less educated than cotinine-validated non-users. Both self-reported users [odds ratio (OR): 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04–0.30] and cotinine-validated non-users (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20–0.89) were far less likely to report chewing paan without tobacco compared with under-reporters.

Contrary to our a priori hypothesis, under-reporters were not young, British-born, English-speaking women likely to be concealing smoking but resembled self-reported tobacco users except for being much more likely to report chewing paan without tobacco.

Temporal patterns in BC incidence rates, lung cancer (LC) death rates, smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption across time by sex were analyzed by calculating annual percent changes (APCs), using joinpoint regression, for Spain (1973–97), Sweden (1958–97) and the UK (1960–97).

APCs for overall BC incidence rates were increasing for both sexes, ranging from 1.43% (1.25; 1.60) (British men) to 3.79% (3.15; 4.44) (Spanish men). APCs for overall LC death rates were also increasing in Sweden and Spain, but the UK showed decreasing APCs for LC death rates in men: –0.48% (–0.86; 0.10). Spain showed decreasing APCs for smoking prevalence among men and increasing APCs among women, –1.65% (–1.79; –1.51) and 2.48% (1.97; 3.00), respectively, but no differences by sex were found for the UK and Sweden.

Findings indirectly reflected lag-time of minimum 30 years between smoking and onset of BC. The lack of sex differences for APCs of BC across these countries suggests potential contributions of changes in other population exposure levels.

A mall-intercept study was conducted with adult smokers (n = 312) and non-smokers (n = 291) in Ontario, Canada. Participants viewed pairs of cigarette packages that differed along a single attribute and completed ratings of perceived taste, tar delivery and health risk.

Respondents were significantly more likely to rate packages with the terms ‘light’, ‘mild’, ‘smooth’ and ‘silver’ as having a smoother taste, delivering less tar and lower health risk compared with ‘regular’ and ‘full flavor’ brands. Respondents also rated packages with lighter colors and a picture of a filter as significantly more likely to taste smooth, deliver less tar and lower risk. Smokers were significantly more likely than non-smokers to perceive brands as having a lower health risk, while smokers of light and mild cigarettes were significantly more likely than other smokers to perceive brands as smoother and reducing risk. Perceptions of taste were significantly associated with perceptions of tar level and risk.

The findings suggest that current regulations have failed to remove misleading information from tobacco packaging.

Survey data were collected from a sample of 1294 adolescents 13–20 years of age—from three under-privileged suburbs of Beirut, Lebanon. Scores were calculated to measure the knowledge of and the perceived susceptibility by a series of statements related to the consequences of tobacco use. Bivariate and multivariate methods were used to assess the association of knowledge and perceived susceptibility with smoking, controlling for socio-demographic variables.

A logistic regression model showed that the odds of ever smoking among adolescents who had less knowledge of smoking were 1.9 times those of adolescents with more knowledge. Similar odds were demonstrated for adolescents who did not perceive themselves susceptible to smoking hazards compared with those who did.

These results suggest that awareness campaigns should focus on raising the perceived susceptibility of adolescents by including items that are more within the realm of an adolescent's frame of mind such as smelly clothes and discolored teeth.

A prospective cohort study of 1551 men and women aged around 55 years in 1988 when typical alcohol consumption was recalled using a 7-day grid. An average of 3.4 years later (1990/92), study participants were re-surveyed (n = 1259; 84.7% of the target population) when they responded to nurse-administered enquiries regarding minor psychiatric morbidity, self-perceived health, hypertension, accidents, overweight/obesity and financial difficulties. Study members were followed up for mortality experience over 18 years.

In fully adjusted analyses, surpassing guidelines for sensible alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk of hypertension [daily guidelines only: P-value(trend): 0.012], financial problems [weekly guidelines: P-value(difference): 0.046] and, to a lesser degree, accidents [weekly guidelines: P-value(difference): 0.065]. There was no association between either indicator of alcohol intake and mortality risk.

In the present study, there was some evidence for a detrimental effect on health and social circumstances of exceeding current internationally recognized weekly and daily guidelines for alcohol intake.

Previous estimates of NHS costs attributable to alcohol consumption were identified by systematic literature review. The mortality and morbidity due to alcohol consumption was calculated using information from the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Project and routinely collected mortality data. Direct health-care costs were derived using information on population attributable fractions for conditions related to alcohol consumption and NHS cost data.

We estimate that alcohol consumption was responsible for 31 000 deaths in the UK in 2005 and that alcohol consumption cost the UK NHS £3.0 billion in 2005–06. Alcohol consumption was responsible for 10% of all disability adjusted life years in 2002 (male: 15%; female: 4%) in the UK.

Alcohol consumption is a considerable public health burden in the UK. The comparison of the health and economic burden of various lifestyle factors is essential in prioritizing and resourcing public health action.

Covariate capture–recapture methods to estimate (i) IDU prevalence; respondent driven sampling to measure (ii) prevalence of HCV and HIV and record linkage to measure (iii) mortality risk.

(i) The overall estimated number of IDU was 5540 (95% confidence interval, CI: 4710–6780) for all cases and 3280 (95% CI: 1940–4610) for cases matched to primary care register, i.e. a prevalence of 2.2 and 1.3% aged 15–54, respectively. (ii) The prevalence of HCV, hepatitis B and HIV was: 53, 32 and 0.7%. Over 70% of IDU in Bristol reported having at least one vaccination for HBV; more than half of those who were HCV positive were undiagnosed. (iii) The all-cause and overdose mortality rates for IDU were 0.75 and 0.4% respectively; and the standardized mortality ratio was 7.8 (95% CI: 5.4–10.8).

Locally specific and useful intelligence on injecting and its health consequence can be generated to inform local public health action, and may contribute information to validate national prevalence estimates.

Two local channels and three national channels, during a period of 7 h on weekday afternoons and 6 h on weekend mornings, were recorded for 7 days. A total of 235 h were recorded and analyzed.

A total of 8299 advertisements were registered; 22% were food-related and 50% were geared toward children. The average of food-related advertisements (FRAs) per half an hour was 4, and half of them were geared toward children. During the time that children may be watching television, 50% of all FRAs were potato and corn chips, desserts and cakes, juices, sweetened cereals, candies, cookies, sweetened beverages and fast foods, which comprises a higher percentage of adult-oriented FRA (32 versus 22%).

Children are systematically more exposed than adults to advertisements for high-energy-dense foods.

Prevalence ratios were calculated for 3740 children aged 1–59 months from 92 randomly selected villages of rural Pakistan using a cluster-adjusted log-binomial model. Level 1 variables included child and household characteristics and level 2 included village characteristics.

There were 25 more girl deaths than boys per 1000 live births (95% CI: 13.9, 48.6) among post-neonates and 38 more among children aged 12–59 months (95% CI: 10.5, 65.5). However, in adjusted analysis, gender was not a significant predictor of illness reporting, visit to health facilities, choice of provider, hospitalization and health expenditure. Significant predictors of health care were child's age, illness characteristics, number of children in the family, household socio-economic status and absence of girls' school in the village.

Differential care seeking for boys and girls is not seen in Thatta despite clear differences in mortality ratios. This calls for more creative research to identify pathways for gender differential in child mortality. Factors identified as influencing child health care and amenable to modification include poverty alleviation and girls' education.

Data from the Trent Cancer Registry were used to identify all women with invasive breast cancer, diagnosed in 1998–2006. Risk of diagnosis with late-stage breast cancer was calculated to quantify strength of association between exposure and outcome.

Women outside the age group for routine screening were approximately 30% [<50 years, relative risk (RR) = 1.34 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.26–1.43) and >70 years, RR = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.19–1.36)] more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer; the most deprived women were 37% [RR = 1.37 (95% CI: 1.01–2.56)] more likely to be diagnosed with Stage IV breast cancer; ethnic minority women were 15% [RR = 1.15 (95% CI: 1.09–1.22)] more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer and women resident in 5 of 11 Trent Primary Care Trusts (PCT) had a greater than 30% increased risk of diagnosis with late-stage breast cancer than those in Nottingham City PCT.

These findings highlight the need for appropriate targeted interventions to address compositional and contextual inequalities that are evident in breast cancer stage at diagnosis.

We analyzed the LBW proportion of single live babies born to 2032 first-time mothers between 2004 and 2005. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, analysis of variance, the Scheffe test and logistic regression.

About 14.8% of Aboriginal mothers and 18.7% of Aboriginal teen mothers gave birth to infants of LBW. Aboriginal mothers were found to be at higher risk of delivering LBW infants; however, after controlling for marital status and education, the influence of aboriginality and age was no longer significant.

Marital status and education are more important determinants of LBW than aboriginality and age in mountain townships of Taiwan.

Hospital Episode Statistics were used to explore inequalities in the provision of primary hip/knee operations in English NHS hospitals in 2002. Multilevel Poisson regression modelling was used to estimate rates of surgical provision by socio-demographic, hospital and distance variables. GIS software was used to estimate road travel times and create hospital catchment areas.

Rates of joint replacement increased with age before falling in those aged 80+. Women received more operations than men. People living in the most deprived areas obtained fewer hip, but more knee operations. Those in urban areas received less hip surgery, but there was no association for knee replacement. Controlling for hospital and distance measures did not attenuate the effects. Geographical variation across districts was observed with some districts showing inequality in socio-demographic factors, whereas others showed none at all.

This study found evidence of inequalities in the provision of joint replacement surgery. However, before we can conclude that there is inequity in receipts of healthcare, future research must consider whether these patterns are explained by variations in need across socio-demographic groups.

The design was an economic evaluation alongside a multicentre randomized controlled trial, in which 131 eligible women were randomly allocated to receive 18 months of intensive home visiting (n=67) or standard services (n=64). Due to the public health nature of the intervention a cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken from a societal perspective.

The mean ‘societal costs’ in the control and intervention arms were £3874 and £7120, respectively, a difference of £3246 (p<0.000). The mean ‘health service only’ costs were £3324 and £5685 respectively, a difference of £2361 (p<0.000). As well as significant improvements in maternal sensitivity and infant cooperativeness there was also a non-significant increase in the likelihood of the intervention group infants being removed from the home due to abuse and neglect. These incremental benefits were delivered at an incremental societal cost of £3246 per woman.

The results of the study provide evidence to suggest that, within the context of regular home visits, specially trained home visitors can increase maternal sensitivity and infant cooperativeness and are better able to identify infants in need of removal from the home for child protection. The extent to which these benefits are ‘worth’ the societal cost of £3246 per woman however is a matter of judgment.

The study reviewed 58 etoricoxib published trials (54 papers) to determine if they met the gender recommendations of the Guidelines of Food and Drug Administration (1993) and the Sex, Gender and Pain Special Interest Group Consensus Working Group Report (2007).

Women formed 70% of a total of 49 835 subjects included in the etoricoxib trials, but only 31% of the subjects were in Phase I. About 85.7% of trials did not show sex-stratified data. About 90.6 and 93.3% did not provide efficacy and adverse effects data by sex, respectively. There is scarce information about the influence of issues that specifically affect women.

Women are under-represented in the published etoricoxib trials, specifically, in Phase I. Sex-stratified data on efficacy and adverse effects are scarce in etoricoxib trials. Together with the lack of data on women-specific issues, this suggests that etoricoxib may pose the same potential problems for women as other cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.